1.

The psychometric approach to cognition emphasizes:

A)

developmental stages of cognitive growth.

B)

components of intelligence as measured by IQ tests.

C)

encoding, memory, and output.

D)

the effects of life events on cognition.

2.

Older adolescents and adults engage in postformal thought to address:

A)

intellectual problems.

B)

social and personal problems.

C)

logic issues.

D)

academic concerns.

3.

After Brenda finished college and began working in her chosen field, she saw her life becoming:

A)

more exciting and fun.

B)

less playful and more practical.

C)

more sophisticated and free.

D)

less routine and more spontaneous.

4.

Compared to formal operational thinking, postformal thought is characterized by:

A)

rigidity.

B)

mysticism.

C)

rationality.

D)

idealism.

5.

Which of the following abilities is a hallmark of adult adaptive thought?

A)

applying both objective and subjective thinking to real-life problems

B)

recognizing the logic of an argument

C)

ignoring subjective feelings and personal experience

D)

reasoning abstractly

6.

The study in which adults were asked to suggest solutions to 15 real-life problems demonstrated that:

A)

it was very difficult for adults to generate more than one solution.

B)

familiarity with situations enabled adults to be more flexible.

C)

problems that were particularly emotional immobilized many adults.

D)

concrete thinkers generated the most solutions.

7.

Alicia is a chemical engineer who has endured sexism throughout her career. Her 14-year-old daughter would like also to go into chemical engineering. Alicia supports her daughter's goals but worries that she, too, will be subjected to ______ as Alicia had been.

A)

cognitive flexibility

B)

stereotype threat

C)

postconventional thinking

D)

effortful control

8.

Geraldine is a medical intern who believes that all people deserve the highest quality of medical care. However, she realizes that someday she may need to make decisions about which patients will receive a scarce, life-saving medication. Reconciling these two thoughts requires:

A)

intuitive-projective faith.

B)

dialectical thinking.

C)

relativism.

D)

ideological reasoning.

9.

Jennifer agrees with Lev Vygotsky that learning is a social interaction within the zone of proximal development and that learners and mentors continually adjust to each other. Her approach to education is:

A)

formal operational.

B)

dialectical.

C)

postformal.

D)

hypothetical-deductive.

10.

A dialectical thinker is likely to recognize the:

A)

true nature of most relationships.

B)

changing nature of human relationships.

C)

need to explain human actions logically.

D)

insincerity of most human relationships.

11.

Kim and Hung suddenly broke up after dating for two years. Heartbroken, Hung asked why. Kim replied, “It's me, not you. I'm to blame.” Kim's response indicates that she is which type of thinker?

A)

formal operational

B)

dialectical

C)

nondialectical

D)

rational-emotive

12.

Four-year-old Davis believes that God gave his little brother to his mother because she stayed overnight at the hospital. Davis is at the ______ stage of religious faith.

A)

intuitive-projective

B)

universalizing

C)

synthetic-conventional

D)

individual-reflective

13.

The stage in which faith becomes an active commitment, detached from the expectations of culture and parents, is referred to as the stage of:

A)

individual-reflective faith.

B)

intuitive-projective faith.

C)

universalizing faith.

D)

mythic-literal faith.

14.

Which statement about Fowler's sixth stage of universalizing faith is true?

A)

It develops during adolescence.

B)

People act in accordance with their own personal welfare.

C)

All people eventually achieve it.

D)

People have a vision of universal compassion, justice, and love.

15.

Identify the true statement about developmentalists' view of faith and religion.

A)

It is rarely helpful when people are confronted with stressful situations.

B)

It remains static throughout adulthood.

C)

It progresses from a self-centered perspective to a many-sided, altruistic view.

D)

It involves taking the myths and symbols of religion literally.

16.

According to Fowler's religious stages, faith, like other aspects of cognition, progresses from a(n) ______ view of life to a(n) ______ view.

A)

simple, self centered, one-sided; complex, unselfish

B)

complex, unselfish; altruistic

C)

unselfish; selfish

D)

adversity; acceptance

17.

The first phase of college students' thinking is:

A)

questioning personal and social values.

B)

believing in the existence of clear and perfect truths.

C)

carefully considering many opposing ideas.

D)

becoming committed to a set of personal values.

18.

Describing college students in North America today, it is true that:

A)

there are more females than males.

B)

the number of older students is decreasing.

C)

liberal arts education is becoming more common than career-based programs.

D)

fewer students are attending college part-time.

19.

Kevin is a high-school junior who has wanted to attend college since he was in elementary school. According to recent research, what will most significantly influence whether Kevin will attend college, and if he does, once he gets there, whether he will graduate?

A)

his family's income

B)

his grades and SAT scores

C)

his letters of recommendation and volunteer work

D)

whether he is recruited because of a special talent such as in athletics, music, or art

20.

Which of the following statements about the structure of higher education in the United States currently as compared to several decades ago is true?

A)

Enrollment in community colleges has increased.

B)

Fewer career programs are being offered.

C)

More instructors are European American men.

D)

There are fewer institutions of higher learning